Humanity has touched nearly every place on Earth. Very little land exists that could be called pristine. Even the so-called “virgin forests” Europeans encountered when they settled America had felt the influence of Native American land use for millennia. The task of ecologists today is not to return the environment to a state without human influence, but to understand it—and uncover how to best manage the land so people and the environment can co-exist sustainably.

Land use includes everything from growing corn and raising poultry to building shopping malls and skyscrapers. Even after a major activity stops, its impacts can be felt for decades or centuries afterward. Intense farming can transform the landscape through erosion. A forest, once logged, may not grow back to its original condition. The new forest may contain a different mix of plants and animals than the first one.

The impacts of land use don’t stop at the shoreline. Materials from land make their way into streams, rivers, estuaries and eventually the ocean. A watershed is the total land area that drains into a particular body of water.  Watersheds are the logical study units for understanding land-water connections and managing land use impacts. Everyone belongs to a watershed somewhere, and even activities thousands of miles from the coast can impact life in the water. The Chesapeake Bay watershed covers more than 64,000 square miles in six states and the District of Columbia.

SERC scientists study how land use affects the environment in the Chesapeake Bay region and around the world. They trace the journeys nutrients and other materials take from land to water, and they study the impacts of different land uses on both terrestrial and aquatic life. In the process, they’ve discovered not only activities on land that can damage the environment, but activities that can help restore it.